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2023/03/07 17:39:21

杭州概况 Hangzhou Overviewimage.png

良渚玉面

Liangzhu Jade Ornaments

历史沿革

History

杭州是华夏文明的发祥地、中国著名的七大古都之一,以“东南名郡”著称于世。跨湖桥遗址的发掘显示,早在8000多年前,就有人类在此繁衍生息。距今5000多年前的良渚文化被称为“中华文明的曙光”。自秦时(公元前222年)设县治以来,已有2200多年历史。隋开皇九年(589年)废钱唐郡,置杭州,杭州之名首次在历史上出现。五代吴越国(907-978年)和南宋王朝(1138-1279年)两代建都杭州。被13世纪意大利旅行家马可•波罗赞叹为“世界上最美丽华贵之天城”。民国元年(1912年),原钱塘、仁和县并置杭县。民国16年(1927年),划杭县城区等地设杭州市,杭州置市始此。1949年5月3日,杭州解放,从此揭开了杭州发展的历史新篇章。

One of birthplaces of Chinese Civilization and ranking among the seven ancient capitals in China, Hangzhou stands out as the "Famous Town of the Southeast". The excavation of the Kuahu Bridge site indicates that as early as 8,000 years ago, the place already saw thriving human activities. The Liangzhu Culture, dating 5000 years back, is hailed by historians as "the dawn of civilization", first set up as a county in the Qin Dynasty (222 BC), it has a past of over 2,200 years. In the 9th Year of Sui Emperor Kaihuang(589 AD), the old Qiantang County was abolished and replaced by Hangzhou (Hang prefecture), marking the first appearance of its current name. Chosen by two dynasties - Wuyue state in the Five Dynasties(907-978 AD) and the Southern Song (1138-1279 AD) as capital city, Hangzhou was marveled by the 13th century Italian traveler Marco Polo who called it "the most graceful and splendid city of the world". The city began as part of Qiantang County. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the former Qiantang and Renhe counties were merged into Hangxian County. In the Sixteen Year of ROC (1927), the urban part of Hangxian and its neighboring areas were grouped into Hangzhou City, so began Hangzhou as an urban center. On May 3, 1949, Hangzhou was liberated, and a new era in its history of development began.

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良渚

Liangzhu

自然地理

Geography

地理位置|Geographical Location

杭州是浙江省省会和经济、文化、科教中心,长江三角洲中心城市,重要的风景旅游城市,首批国家历史文化名城。杭州地处长江三角洲南翼、杭州湾西端,是“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的延伸交点和“网上丝绸之路”战略枢纽城市。市域界于北纬29°11’-30°34’和东经118°20’-120°37’之间。杭州山水相依、湖城合璧,江、河、湖、海、溪五水共导,风景如画,堪称“人间天堂”。全市丘陵山地占总面积的65.6%,集中分布在西部、中部和南部;平原占26.4%,主要分布在东北部;江、河、湖、水库占8.0%。森林覆盖率达66.9%,居全国省会城市第一。拥有中国南部沿海地区最大的水库——新安江水库(又名千岛湖),世界上最长的人工运河——京杭大运河,以大涌潮闻名的钱塘江穿城而过。

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西湖马西锋摄

West Lake, photographed by Ma Xifeng

The capital city of Zhejiang province and its economic, cultural, science and educational center, Hangzhou is one of the central cities in the Yangtze River Delta. A popular City of Scenic Tourism, it also ranks among the first batch of National Historical and Cultural Towns. Located in the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, western tip of the Hangzhou Bay, it is the crossing point of the extension of "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" and a strategic hub along the "Online Silk Road". Situated at the juncture of 29°11'-30°34'North and 118°20'-120°37' East, Hangzhou features a perfect blending of hill and water, and lake and town, with rich water resources, and a ubiquitous yet harmonious presence of rivers, canals, lakes, sea, creeks. Such picturesque natural view has earned the fame of "Paradise on Earth" for millenniums. Throughout its territory, hilly or mountainous areas account for 65.6% and are largely concentrated in the west, middle and south; Plains amount to 26.4%, mainly found in the northeast; surface area of rivers, lakes and reservoirs takes up 8.0%. Its forest coverage ranks top among the nation's provincial capitals-up to 66.9%. Hangzhou boasts the largest reservoir on China's southern coast the Xin'an River Reservoir (also known as Qiandao Lake) and the world's longest artificial canal-the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Traversing the city is Qiantang River, widely known for its spectacular tidal waves.

气候|Climate

杭州属亚热带季风性气候,四季分明,光照充足,雨量充沛,春秋较短,冬夏较长。2021年,市区平均气温18.4℃,比上年高0.5℃;总降水量1721毫米,比上年减少51毫米;总日照时数1680小时,比上年增加228小时。全年极端最高气温为38.2℃,比上年低0.8℃,出现在7月15日的桐庐县;最低气温为-8.0℃,比上年低0.7℃,出现在1月1日的临安区。

Hangzhou enjoys a subtropical monsoon climate, featuring distinct seasons, ample sunlight and rainfall, shorter in spring and autumn, and longer in winter and summer. The year 2021 registers an annual average temperature of 18.4℃, 0.5℃ higher than the year before, a total precipitation of 1.721 mm, 51 mm less than the previous year, and a total sunshine of 1,680 hours, 228 hours more than the year last. An extreme high temperature of 38.2℃ - 0.8℃, lower than last year, is recorded on July 15 in Tonglu county, and a lowest temperature of -8.0 ℃ - 0.7 ℃, lower than that of the previous year, occurs in the district of Lin'an, on January 1.

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新安江范胜利摄 

Xin'an River, photographed by Fan Shengli

行政区域

Administrative Divisions

杭州市辖上城、拱墅、西湖、滨江、萧山、余杭、临平、钱塘、富阳、临安10个区,建德1个县级市,桐庐、淳安2个县。全市有191个乡镇(街道),其中乡23个、镇75个、街道93个,居委会1293个、行政村1913个。全市土地面积16850平方千米(根据第二次土地利用调查),其中市区面积8289平方千米。

Under the jurisdiction of the City of Hangzhou are 10 urban districts, namely Shangcheng,Gongshu, Xihu, Binjiang, Xiaoshan,Yuhang, Linping, Qiantang, Fuyang and Lin'an, I county-level city of Jiande, and two counties of Tonglu and Chun'an. There are a total of 191 towns (subdistricts), among which are 23 townships, 75 towns, 93 subdistricts, 1,293 neighborhood committees and 1913 administrative villages. The city covers a total area of 16,850 square kilometers (according to the second land survey), of which the urban area takes up 8,289 square kilometers.

历史文化

History and Culture

杭州历史文化内涵博大精深。几千年来,以西湖文化、运河文化、钱塘江文化为代表的杭州文化,在开放中融合,在创新中发展。西湖文化采跨湖桥文化、良渚文化、吴越文化、南宋文化、明清文化、民国文化等各个时期文化之精华,集山水文化、园林文化、宗教文化、建筑文化、名人文化、民俗文化、丝绸文化、茶文化、饮食文化之广博,体现了西湖文化精致、和谐、典雅的特色;运河文化集水利文化、商贸文化、物产文化、水景文化、戏曲文化、庙会集市文化于一身,体现了杭州文化开放、兼容、庶俗的特色;钱塘江文化犹如滚滚钱塘潮,是杭州大气开放的象征和标志。

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《富春山居图》(局部) 

Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (partial)

Hangzhou is proud of its profound historical culture. For millenniums, the Hangzhou Culture, as represented by the West Lake, Grand Canal, and Qiantang River cultures, has featured a fusion in the opening to the outside world and progress in creation and innovation. Absorbing the cream of cultures of different eras, including those of the Kuahu Bridge, the Liangzhu, the Wuyue, the Southern Song, the Ming and Qing and the ROC, the West Lake Culture integrates the richness of landscaping, gardening, religion, architecture, celebrity, folkways, silk, tea, and gourmet cultures to showcase its characteristic exquisiteness, harmony and elegance; while the Canal Culture features a blending of indigenous cultural elements in water conservation, trade and commerce, local specialty, water-scape, traditional opera and temple fair to reflect Hangzhou Culture's openness, inclu­siveness and closeness to life; The Qiantang River Culture, like the surging tide of the river, symbolizes the broad-mindedness and open spirit of the people.

名人荟萃 | Famous Personages

杭州历史上名人辈出。思想家有龚自珍、章太炎等里;文学家有白居易、林和靖、范仲淹、苏东坡、罗贯中、施耐庵、陈端生郁达夫、丰子恺、夏衍等;戏剧家有李渔、洪昇等;艺术家有夏圭、李唐、刘松年、马远、李嵩、黄公望、吴昌硕、黄宾虹、盖叫天、潘天寿、林风眠等;国学家有俞曲园、马一浮等;科学家有毕昇、沈括、李之藻、竺可桢、茅以升、钱学森等;教育家有林启、李叔同、陶行知等;医学家有朱丹溪、王孟英、吴尚先等;还有民族英雄岳飞、于谦、张苍水、葛云飞等。

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《六清图》吴昌硕

Rower Scroll by Wu Changshuo

Hangzhou has contributed a great number of historical celebrities. Among them are great thinkers Gong Zizhen and Zhang Taiyan; literary giants Bai Juyi, Lin Hejing, Fan Zhongyan, Su Dongpo, Luo Guanzhong, Shi Nai'an, Chen Duansheng, Yu Dafu, FengZikai, and Xia Yan; Dramatists Li Yu and Hong Sheng; Artists Xia Gui, Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan, Li Song, Huang Gongwang, Wu Changshuo, Huang Binhong, Gai Jiaotian, Pan Tianshou, and Lin Fengmian; Classic Chinese scholars Yu Quyuan and Ma Yifu; Scientists Bi Sheng, Shen Kuo. Li Zhizao, Zhu Kezhen.

Mao Yisheng and Qian Xuesen; Educators Lin Qi, Li Shutong and Tao Xingzhi; Medical scientists Zhu Danxi, Wang Mengying and Wu Shangxian and National heroes Yue Fei, Yu Qian, Zhang Cangshui and Ge Yunfei.

名优特产|Brand Local Specialties

杭州境内土地肥沃,特产众多。良渚出土的距今4700年的丝织物揭示了杭州丝绸的历史之久,唐代大诗人白居易“红袖织绫夸柿蒂,青旗沽酒趁梨花”的诗句又道出了杭州丝绸的水准之高。

现今生产绸、缎、绵、纺、经、绫、罗等14个大类200多个品种,图景新颖,层次分明,栩栩如生,远销世界100多个国家和地区;杭州“东坡肉”,因苏东坡而命名,具有色泽红润、香味浓郁、肥而不腻、烂而不糜、味纯而嫩等特点;西湖龙井茶、王星记扇子、张小泉剪刀、致中和五加皮、临安山核桃等丰富多彩的地方特产散发着浓郁的杭州风情。

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王星记扇子

Wangxingji Fan

Hangzhou's fertile land yields abundant local specialties. The 4,700-year-old silk fabrics unearthed in Liangzhu reveals the city's long history of silk making. The superior quality of the fabric is reflected in one of the verses of Bai Juyi, the great Tang poet, "Red-sleeved girl praised the workmanship of silk, and people seized pear flower blooming season to enjoy wine". Currently, Hangzhou turns out silk products of 200 varieties in 14 categories, including regular silk fabric, satin, brocade, light fabric, crepe, damask, taffeta and so on. Novel in design and splendid in color, they feature elegant flower pattern and vivid human figures, and are exported to more than 100 countries and regions of the world; Hangzhou's "Dongpo pork", a popular dish named after poet-governor Su Dongpo, is extremely tasty. Renowned for its lustrous and ruddy appearance, appetizing aroma and pure taste, the pork dish is "fatty but not greasy, tender but not mashy, and melts on the tongue"; other traditional local products include West Lake Longjing (Dragon Well) tea, Wangxingji fan, Zhangxiaoquan scissors, Zhizhonghe cortex periplocae wine, Lin'an hickory nuts, etc.

人口就业

Population and Employment

人口总量 | Total Population

2021年末,杭州常住人口 1220.4万人,比2020年末增加23.9万人;城镇人口1020.3万人,城镇化率83.6%,比上年提高0.3个百分点;人口出生率为7.6‰,自然增长率为2.9‰。全市户籍人口834.5万人,比上年末增加20.7万人。

By the end of 2021, Hangzhou permanent residents population totals 12.204 million, up 239,000 compared with the previous year-end. The urban population comes to 10.203 million, with an urbanization rate of 83.6%, 0.3% higher than the previous year. The birth rate stands at 7.6‰ and the natural growth rate at 2.9‰. The registered population tops 8.345 million, 207,000 more than the end of last year.

人口结构 | Population Structure

杭州常住人口中,男性为636.0万人,占总人口的52.1%;女性584.4万人,占总人口的47.9%。0-14岁的人口为158.2万人,占总人口的13.0%; 15-59岁的人口为85L1万人,占总人口的69.7%; 60岁及以上的人口为211.1万人,占总人口的17.3%。

Of the permanent resident population, males number 6.36 million, accounting for 52.1% of the total and female 5.844 million, accounting for 47.9%. 1.582 million are in the age group of 0-14, accounting for 13.0% of the total. 8.511 million are aged between 15-59, accounting for 69.7%; 2.111 million are at the age 60 or above, making up 17.3%.

人才就业|Talent and Employment

2021年,杭州认定高层次人才2.3万人,引进35岁以下大学生48.3万人。连续11年入选“外籍人才眼中最具吸引力的中国城市”,多项人才净流入率保持全国大中城市首位。

2021年末杭州全社会从业人员759.7万人,其中第一产业、第二产业、第三产业分别为30.3万人、265.5万人和463.9万人,占部从业人员的4.0%、34.9%和61.1%。全年城镇新增就业人数92.8万人,年末城镇登记失业率2.34%。

In 2021, Hangzhou identifies 23,000 high level talents. A total of 483,000 college students under 35 are recruited. For 11 consecutive years, Hangzhou has been rated as among "Ten Most Attractive Chinese Cities for Foreigners". Its net inflows of talents stay atop among China's large and medium-sized cities.

By the end of 2021, Hangzhou provides employment for a total of 7.597 million people. Respectively, the primary, secondary and tertiary industry hire 303,000, 2.655 million and 4.639 million, accounting for 4.0%, 34.9% and 61.1% of the employed total. With 928,000 adding to its general urban employment figure, Hangzhou records a yearend's registered urban unemployment rate of 2.34%.

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大创小镇

Inno & Entre Town

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